Demographic trends in western Europe facilitated this “colonization.” The settlers—assured of non-public independence, preset rents, and a few evaluate of self-administration and running beneath the so-referred to as German Regulation—Established new villages and cities or reorganized previous ones. Towns acquired formal charters (Wrocław in 1242, Poznań in 1253, Kraków in https://polawedee.tumblr.com/