The unhonored heroes of the modern-day world, incorporated circuits (ICs), are miniature marvels of design. Nicknamed chips, these tiny plans consist of billions of tiny components operating in excellent harmony to power every little thing from smartphones to spacecrafs. At the heart of these detailed systems lie basic foundation like http://scientific-programs.science/index.php?title=The_Evolution_of_Integrated_Circuits_From_Transistors_to_Modules&action=submit